Most of the quantum effects can probably be explained because the time at the quantum level is multidimensional.
Let me say right away that everything described here is nothing more than a personal assumption of the author, and in fact, it may turn out to be quite different. However, from the college paper writer's point of view, this hypothesis explains many quantum effects, for example, the observer's effect, quantum superposition, and can reconcile quantum physics with GR. It will be interesting to discuss the hypothesis, add mathematics to it (if there are mathematicians among readers) and make confident predictions of effects if the idea turns out to be true.
What is time?
To begin with, it should be said that under this hypothesis, time is considered not as the fourth quantity in addition to the three spatial portions, and not as a process of increasing entropy, but as any process of changing any parameter, which for simplicity we can call a variable. A variable can be any property that can change. It can be a position in space, a magnitude of energy, a state of matter, temperature, or anything else that can change. And the very process of changing a variable from one value to another within the framework of the hypothesis in question is time. Importantly, this definition of time allows it to exist separately from space and even live outside of the area. A purely changing number from one to another is also time. I know it's becoming like the hypothesis is pushing thoughts of a simulation world, but that's not what this hypothesis is about.
It's about the fact that variables exist outside of space, and space itself can possess them. And the important thing is that the rate of change of different variables is different. Because of this, we can measure time, but the rate of change of the variables is limited by the nature of time itself. The very nature of time creates limitations, for example, in that you cannot move faster than the speed of light. The quicker we give a rate, the quicker the variable position in space changes, but once we reach a specific limit, we cannot add speed because the faster the inconsistent status in space can no longer change.
What is multidimensional time, and what quantum effects does it explain?
We are used to the fact that in the macrocosm, time is one-dimensional. Mutually exclusive events cannot co-occur. A car cannot move in opposite directions at the same time. A glass can either be intact or broken, but it can never be intact and destroyed simultaneously. And Schrödinger's famous cat can either be alive or dead. But never active and finished at the same time.
It is only possible when time is one-dimensional. When there is only one line of time, the variable of life in this one line of time can change only in one direction. But at the quantum level, it is not so, and according to this hypothesis, it is caused by the fact that at the quantum level, time itself is multidimensional. The same particle and variable simultaneously can be mutually exclusive within one-dimensional time. For example, an electron can be in several places simultaneously. That is, for one particle, many timelines are coexisting simultaneously, in each of which the variable position in space is different. There is even a theory that there is only one electron in the universe, which appears everywhere. If something like this happened at the macro level, the same car could move simultaneously in opposite directions.
In one line of time, it would move one way. In the other line of time, it would move the other way, and both of these lines of time would exist simultaneously. Another quantum property that this hypothesis explains is the quantum superposition state. It is when a particle can be in several mutually exclusive states simultaneously. If, for a particle, there are several timelines, each of which has a different form, and these several timelines coexist simultaneously, then precisely by this existence simultaneously several timelines one can explain the observed superposition.
How do multiple timelines at the quantum level merge into a single timeline at the macro level?
The question arises. If on the quantum level there are many timelines, why on macro-level there is only one timeline? Why don't we observe mutually exclusive events happening to the same object on the macro-level? This hypothesis does not limit the number of possible existing timelines for the same particle. However, timelines where two particles interact with each other, i.e., appear next to each other and influence each other, will always be fewer than timelines where these particles exist separately and have no influence. Timelines, where two particles interact with two different particles, are rare. The more particles interact, the fewer timelines in which these interactions occur. When trillions of trillions of particles interact, there is only one timeline in which all these interactions occur. There remains only one timeline on a macro level, and determinism becomes possible. I.e., the more interactions of particles among themselves appear, the more different timelines of this particle merge into one timeline.
At some point, this process becomes self-sustaining. Probably, it is due to this that Gravitation arises when a set of interacting particles of one body in one timeline try to entrain many other interacting particles of another body. And at a particular scale, the entrainment of particles in one line of time and general interaction becomes a self-sustaining process. However, the limit, which limits the number of timelines by the number of interacting particles, is very blurred. Sometimes, we can observe traces of coexistence of several timelines on a macro level. The most striking example is the observer effect. For example, let's take the famous two-slit experiment of Jung. While there is no observer, photons with equal probability can pass through both slits. And there is approximately the same number of timelines in which a photon passes through one of the two slits. It passes through both of them: the coexistence of several timelines results in the wave property of light and the interference pattern.
When an observer appears, and there is an interaction with a particle passing through one of the slits, in the end, we see just two strips of light because the photon passes through only one of the slits. This hypothesis explains this because when an observer appears and interacts with the particle, the particle is in one timeline with the observer, and we can no longer observe other timelines. When the observer does not influence the observed particle, then there exist both those timelines, where a particle of light passes through one slot and those timelines, where the same particle passes through the second slot. At the macro level, we already see a result of the existence of these timelines.
What are the contradictions between the theory of relativity and quantum physics, and how does this hypothesis eliminate them?
Firstly, the contradiction between quantum physics and the theory of relativity arises because everything in the world is deterministic, predetermined according to the idea of relativity. In quantum physics, the leading role is played by randomness and unpredictability. You can only calculate the probability, but a higher likelihood does not give a 100% guarantee that the more likely event will happen. My hypothesis removes this contradiction between the theories because the predetermination of everything according to the general theory of relativity works only when we talk about a single line of time, which exists in the macrocosm, especially on the scale of planets, stellar systems, and galaxies. As described above, a single line of time is formed at the merging of many timelines existing at the quantum level. Still, it is impossible to calculate which of the existing timelines at the quantum level will merge into the one we live in the macrocosm. It is what determines the unpredictability and randomness of quantum world events. It is what determines only the possibility to calculate the probability of events without a 100% guarantee of predictability.
The second contradiction between quantum physics and relativity theory is that three of four fundamental interactions - strong, weak and electromagnetic - are provided by carrier particles. For the entire fourth interaction - Gravitation - there is no carrier particle. This hypothesis explains it because Gravitation has an entirely different nature of origin. In my view, Gravitation arises because at the interaction of trillions of particles among themselves, different timelines either are cut off or merge into one, and there remains only one timeline.
At a particular scale, merging many timelines into one becomes self-supported - it attracts other timelines. Including happens at a certain distance to additional trillions of particles, which are also entrained into this one timeline and begin interacting with trillions of other particles hundreds of thousands and millions of kilometers away from them. That is, of all possible interactions of different particles, those timelines, where they are closer to each other, will merge into one timeline. Perhaps this is how gravity is formed. According to GR, Gravitation is not attraction but the curvature of space-time. That is, gravity does not attract bodies but only bends the direction of motion. This hypothesis completes it all - how the curvature of this same direction arises. The closer the body is, the stronger the timelines of its particles merge into the timelines of trillions of particles of the body it is approaching. And this, in turn, prevents it from moving away from the body is closed. Because to move away, it is necessary to disconnect the commonality of timelines. It distorts the direction of motion, and we can say that we see as if space is curved.
And another contradiction between quantum physics and relativity theory is that singularities of black holes have zero radii (i.e., quite quantum scale) and at the same time occupy a well-defined position in space, having a well-defined mass. While according to quantum physics, it is impossible to measure simultaneously two quantities, e.g., mass and size. The more precisely we measure mass, the less precisely we measure size. And vice versa: the more accurately we determine size - the less accurately we determine mass.
My hypothesis eliminates this contradiction that a black hole arises in 1 timeline and remains to exist in one timeline even after formation so that we can measure mass and size and position in space. We deal with many timelines with quantum particles, which introduce chaos into measurements.
What predictions does my hypothesis make, if it is correct?
If it is true, my hypothesis explains many existing phenomena of quantum physics, explains the nature of time, complements understanding of the effects of relativity theory, and even eliminates contradictions between relativity theory and quantum physics. But it is necessary to give also some predictions, which this hypothesis can provide. And such predictions make it possible to check the validity of this hypothesis.
If time can be made two-dimensional like space, then such a system of two-dimensional time must-have properties similar to those of distance - length, or duration, direction, and the possibility to rotate. In one-dimensional space, as in one-dimensional time, there is no rotation, but in two-dimensional space, for the first time, the case appears. The same should be true of two-dimensional time. It is possible to unfold events backward in time in two-dimensional or multi-dimensional time while the general flow of global time forwards. That is to grow the event so that the system's entropy will not increase but decrease. Just as a two-dimensional figure in two-dimensional space can be developed while keeping the area itself unchanged. The only question is how to get the two-dimensionality of time on the macro-level.
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